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COVID-19 for professionals
COVID-19 for community health workers
Adult HIV
Breast Care
Child and Adolescent Care for Community Health Workers
Child Healthcare
Childhood HIV
Childhood TB
Congenital Disorders
COVID-19 Guide for Community Health Workers
Ebola Prevention and Control
Empathetic Care
Facilitator's Guide
Fetal Heart Rate Handbook
Immunisations
Infection Prevention and Control
Intrapartum Care
Maternal Care
Maternal Mental Health
Mental Health and Wellbeing
Mother and Baby Care for Community Health Workers
Mother and Baby Friendly Care
Newborn Care
Palliative Care for Children
Perinatal HIV
Primary Maternal Care
Primary Newborn Care
Public Health
Saving Mothers and Babies
Women's Health Care
Bettercare Learning Programmes
Adult HIV
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Introduction
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1.
HIV infection
Introduction to HIV infection
The spread of HIV
Screening for HIV infection
Clinical presentation of HIV infection if treatment has not been started
Clinical stages of HIV infection
Common complications of HIV infection
WHO staging system for HIV infection in adults and adolescents (for reference)
2.
Managing people with HIV infection
Objectives
General management
The role of the community
Counselling
Monitoring immune function
Palliative and terminal care
Case studies
3.
Preparation for antiretroviral treatment
Objectives
Indication for antiretroviral treatment
Referral for antiretroviral treatment
Problems with starting antiretroviral treatment
Preparing for antiretroviral treatment
Screening visits
Case studies
4.
Antiretroviral drugs
Objectives
Introduction to antiretroviral treatment
Classes of antiretroviral drugs
Standardised regimens for antiretroviral treatment
Antiretroviral medication
Side effects of antiretroviral drugs
Case studies
5.
Management of patients on antiretroviral treatment
Objectives
tarting antiretroviral treatment
Follow-up visits
Monitoring the response to antiretroviral treatment
Problems with antiretroviral treatment
Adherence
Drug resistance
Treatment failure
Drug interactions
Drug interruptions
Side effects of antiretroviral agents
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
Quality of life
Expense
Case studies
6.
HIV-associated infections
Objectives
Common HIV-associated infections
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Infections of the central nervous system
Tuberculosis co-infection
Case studies
6a
. Skills: Screening tests for HIV
Equipment needed to perform an HIV rapid test
The method of performing the HIV rapid test
Reading the results of the HIV rapid test
The interpretation of the HIV rapid test
Management if the HIV rapid test is positive
Management if the first HIV rapid test is positive but the second is negative
Breast Care
Reviews
Preface
Acknowledgements
Introduction
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1.
The normal breast
Objectives
Case studies
Normal breast appearance
Normal breast anatomy
Changes in the breast which may be worrying
Case studies
2.
Clinical assessment of the breast
Objectives
Case studies
History taking
The examination of the breasts
Case studies
3.
Special investigations of the breast
Objectives
Case studies
Special investigations
Breast imaging
Breast screening
Mammograms
Ultrasound scan
MRI scanning
Cytology
Histology
Excision biopsy
Case studies
4.
Benign changes of the breast
Objectives
Case studies
Introduction to benign changes to the breast
Breast fibroadenomas
Breast cysts
Painful breasts
Non-cancerous changes of the nipple-areola complex
Nipple discharge
Infections of the breast
Case studies
5.
Cancer of the breast
Objectives
Case studies
Introduction to breast cancer
Types of breast cancer
Clinical presentation of breast cancer
Imaging changes in breast cancer
Case studies
6.
Treatment of breast cancer
Objectives
Case studies
Introduction to breast cancer treatment
Surgery in breast cancer treatment
Mastectomy
Breast reconstruction after mastectomy
Axillary surgery
Chemotherapy
Hormone (endocrine) treatment of breast cancer
Targeted therapy
Radiotherapy
Case studies
7.
Side effects of breast cancer treatment
Objectives
Case studies
Side effects of chemotherapy
Side effects of hormone treatment
Side effects from radiotherapy
Side effects due to surgery
Lymphoedema
Case studies
8.
Palliative care
Objectives
Case studies
Introduction to palliative care
Providing palliative care
The management of pain
Managing discomfort
Managing open wounds
Managing bedsores
Managing constipation
Managing breathlessness
Nausea and vomiting
Mouth care
Psychological and social problems
Case studies
Epilogue
What does holism mean?
Alternative healers
Community groups and networking
Education
Support
Advocacy
Support groups in South Africa
Adopt A Pink Piggy (APP)
amaBele Belles
Breast Cancer Survivor
BreastSens (BS
Breast Health Foundation (BHF)
Bosom Buddies (BB)
Campaign for Cancer (C4C)
The Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA)
HPCA Hospice Palliative Care Association
Journey of Hope (JoH)
Look Good, Feel better (LGFB)
People Living With Cancer (PLWC)
Pink Drive (PD)
Pink Trees for Pauline (PTP)
Reach for Recovery (RFR)
Sinomusanothando – Community Development (SCD)
Wings of Hope (WoH)
Other organisations
8twenty8 (18T)
Avon Justine iThemba Crusade of Hope (CoH)
Breast Course 4 Nurses
Phakamisa (PKM)
Vrede Foundation (VF)
Organisations active by region
Useful websites
Blogs
Information
Pictures
Recipes and diets
Home-made oral rehydration fluid to manage diarrhoea
Carrot soup for patients with diarrhoea
The BRATT diet
The ABC diet
Sour water for digestive problems
Examination form
Investigations
Child and Adolescent Care for Community Health Workers
Acknowledgements
Introduction
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About this book
1.
Growth and nutrition
Objectives
Growth
Good Nutrition
Malnutrition
Overweight
Managing a child with malnutrition
Case studies
2.
Childhood HIV
Objectives
HIV and Aids
Diagnosing HIV infection
Managing a child with HIV infection
Case studies
3.
Tuberculosis in children
Objectives
Cause of TB
Diagnosing TB
Treating TB
Case studies
4.
Adolescent Care
Objectives
Adolescence and puberty
Challenges of adolescence
Adolescent sexuality
Adolescent friendly care
Case studies
Child Healthcare
Acknowledgements
Introduction
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1.
The history and examination
Objectives
Introduction
The first meeting
The review of any referral information
Basic information
The history
The physical examination
Special investigations
The assessment
A plan of action
Writing good clinical notes
Case studies
2.
Immunisation
Objectives
Introduction
BCG immunisation
Polio immunisation
Immunisation against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis
Measles immunisation
Immunisation against Hepatitis B
Immunisation against Haemophilus influenzae, rota virus and Pneumococcus
Handling vaccines
Case studies
3.
Growth and development
Objectives
Introduction
Measuring body size
The importance of growth monitoring
Growth charts
Growth curves
Growth patterns
Overweight and obesity
The Road-to-Health Booklet
Neurodevelopment
Sexual development
Case studies
4.
Nutrition
Objectives
Introduction
Malnutrition
Protein energy malnutrition
Vitamin deficiencies
Trace element and mineral deficiencies
Iron deficiency
Case studies
5.
Diarrhoea
Objectives
Diagnosis and causes of diarrhoea
The complications of acute diarrhoea
Treatment of diarrhoea
Management of dehydration
Prevention of diarrhoea
Case studies
6.
Upper respiratory tract conditions
Objectives
Introduction
Common cold
Acute sinusitis
Allergic rhinitis
Pharyngitis and tonsillitis
Otitis media
Epiglottitis
Influenza
Case Studies
7.
Lower respiratory tract conditions
Objectives
Introduction
Viral croup
Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Asthma
An approach to lower respiratory tract conditions
Case Studies
8.
Tuberculosis
Objectives
Introduction
Tuberculosis
Case studies
9.
HIV infection
Objectives
Introduction
Transmission of HIV to children
Diagnosing HIV infection in a child
The clinical diagnosis of HIV infection and AIDS
Management of HIV-exposed infants
Management of children with symptomatic HIV infection
Case studies
10.
Childhood infections
Objectives
Introduction
Measles
Chickenpox
Mumps
Herpes stomatitis
Acute viral hepatitis
Tick-bite fever
Acute conjunctivitis
Case studies
11.
Parasites
Objectives
Introduction
Roundworms
Whipworms
Pinworms
Hookworms
Tapeworms
Hydatid disease
Giardiasis
Amoebiasis
Bilharzia
Malaria
Case Studies
12.
Skin conditions
Objectives
Introduction
Local viral infection
Local fungal infections
Local bacterial infections
Rashes due to systemic infections
Local parasitic infestations
Rashes due to skin irritants
Rashes due to allergies
Other skin conditions in children
Typical presentation of rashes
Case studies
13.
Serious illnesses
Objectives
Introduction
Acute rheumatic fever
Acute glomerulonephritis
Septicaemia
Meningitis
Pyelonephritis
Other bacterial infections
Diabetes
Convulsions
Cancer
Case studies
14.
Home and society
Objectives
Children’s rights
Poverty
Social environment
Child abuse
Street children
Orphans
Developmental screening
Neurodevelopmental disability
Behaviour and emotional problems
Case studies
15.
Childhood mortality
Objectives
Introduction
Collecting information on under-5 deaths
Mortality review
Causes of under-5 deaths
The analysis of mortality data
Ways of avoiding the common causes of under-5 deaths
Case studies
Skin-conditions: photographs
Childhood HIV
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Introduction
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1.
Introduction to childhood HIV infection
Objectives
Introduction to HIV
The spread of HIV
HIV in society
HIV transmission from mother to child
Feeding options
Post-exposure prophylaxis
Case studies
2.
Clinical and immunological diagnosis of HIV infection
Objectives
Acute seroconversion illness
Clinical staging of HIV infection
Confirmation of HIV infection
Immunological staging of HIV infection
Consent for HIV testing
Case studies
3.
Management of children with HIV infection
Objectives
Family-centred care
Routine clinical care
Immunisations
Primary prophylaxis
Nutrition and growth
Monitoring neurodevelopment
Screening for HIV-associated infections
Care of adolescents with HIV infection
Disclosure
Case studies
4.
Antiretroviral drugs
Objectives
Introduction to antiretroviral treatment
Classes of antiretroviral drugs
Standardised treatment regimens
Antiretroviral medication
Side effects of antiretroviral drugs
Case studies
5.
Management of children with antiretroviral treatment
Objectives
Criteria for antiretroviral treatment
Patient readiness
Preparation for antiretroviral treatment
Managing antiretroviral treatment
Problems with antiretroviral treatment
Adherence
Inadequate dosage
Drug resistance
Unsuppressed viral load and treatment failure
Drug interactions
Drug interruptions
Side effects of antiretroviral agents
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)
Case studies
6.
HIV-associated infections and end-of-life care
Objectives
HIV-associated infections
Common infections
Tuberculosis
Treating tuberculosis co-infection
End-of-life care
Case studies
Childhood TB
Acknowledgements
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1.
Introduction to childhood tuberculosis
Objectives
Tuberculous infection
Pulmonary tuberculosis
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
Case studies
2.
Clinical presentation of childhood tuberculosis
Objectives
Early presentation of tuberculosis
Pulmonary tuberculosis
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
Enlarged tuberculous lymph nodes
Tuberculous meningitis
Abdominal tuberculosis
Tuberculosis of bone and joints
Disseminated tuberculosis
Scoring systems to identify tuberculosis
Case studies
3.
Diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis
Objectives
Confirming the clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis
Tuberculin skin tests
Identifying TB DNA and bacilli in sputum
Evaluation of samples by Xpert MTB/RIF ultra
Sputum smear examination
Culture for TB bacilli and drug susceptibility testing
Chest X-ray
Fine needle aspiration of a lymph node
Lumbar puncture
Additional investigations
Screening for HIV
Case studies
4.
Management of childhood tuberculosis
Objectives
Planning the management of a child with tuberculosis
Treating drug susceptible tuberculosis
Good adherence
Monitoring treatment
Drug-resistant tuberculosis
Treatment with steroids
Good nutrition
Treating tuberculosis and HIV co-infection
Case studies
5.
Preventing childhood tuberculosis
Objectives
Principles of prevention
BCG immunisation
Avoiding exposure to TB bacilli
TB prophylaxis (TB preventive therapy) in children
National tuberculosis programme
Community involvement
Controlling the spread of HIV infection
Case studies
Pictures
Congenital Disorders
Acknowledgements
Introduction
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1.
Introduction to congenital disorders
Objectives
Congenital disorders
Causes of congenital disorders
Chromosomal inheritance
Inheritance of single gene defects
Dominant inheritance
Recessive inheritance
Multifactorial congenital disorders
Teratogens
Different types of structural congenital disorders
Case studies
2.
Care, prevention and counselling
Objectives
Management of congenital disorders in a community
Caring for people with congenital disorders
Prevention of congenital disorders
Medical genetic screening
Parents’ choices with prenatal diagnosis
Genetic counselling
Breaking bad news
Case studies
3.
Chromosomal Disorders
Objectives
Introduction to Down syndrome
The complications of Down syndrome
Caring for children with Down syndrome
Prevention
Screening for Down syndrome
Genetic counselling for Down syndrome
Case studies
4.
Single gene disorders
Objectives
Introduction to single gene disorders
Waardenburg syndrome
Oculocutaneous albinism
Haemophilia
Case studies
5.
Multifactorial congenital disorders
Objectives
Introduction to multifactorial congenital disorders
Introduction to neural tube defects
Caring for infants and children with neural tube defects
Genetic counselling for neural tube defects
Prevention of neural tube defects
Screening for neural tube defects
Case studies
6.
Congenital disorders caused by teratogens
Objectives
Importance of teratogens
Introduction to fetal alcohol syndrome
The cause of fetal alcohol syndrome
Recognising infants with fetal alcohol syndrome
Growth and development in infants with fetal alcohol syndrome
Care of children with fetal alcohol syndrome and their families
Case studies
Addendum A: Clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, genetic counselling and prevention of common congenital disorders
Addendum B: Social grants available in South Africa for people with disability
Qualifying requirements for social assistance
Social grants for persons with disability
Addendum C: Down syndrome association contact details in South Africa
Down Syndrome South Africa (National Office)
Down Syndrome Association (Gauteng)
Down Syndrome Association (Pretoria/Tshwane)
Down Syndrome Association (Western Cape)
Down Syndrome Association (Eastern Cape)
Down Syndrome Support Cape
Down Syndrome Association (Bloemfontein)
Photographs of congenital disorders
COVID-19 Guide for Community Health Workers
Acknowledgements
Introduction
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About this book
1.
Introduction to COVID-19
Objectives
COVID-19 and coronavirus
The spread of coronavirus
The risk of COVID-19
Case studies
2.
Diagnosing and managing COVID-19
Objectives
Clinical features of COVID-19
Management of people with COVID-19
Confirming the diagnosis of COVID-19
Case studies
3.
How to prevent the spread of COVID-19
Objectives
Preventing the spread of COVID-19
Screening, testing and contact tracing
Community lockdown
Case studies
4.
Protecting yourself from COVID-19
Objectives
How to protect yourself
Personal protective equipment
Wearing a cloth mask in public
Emotional challenges for health workers
Case studies
Ebola Prevention and Control
Acknowledgements
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1.
Virology and epidemiology
Objectives
Structure and function of viruses
Viral haemorrhagic fevers
Epidemiology of Ebola
Laboratory management
Outbreak investigation and field epidemiology
Case study
2.
Patient management
Objectives
Case definition
Clinical presentation
Initial case management and supportive care
Further management
Case study
3.
Protection of healthcare workers
Objectives
Standard and isolation precautions
Hand hygiene
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Using personal protective equipment (PPE)
Risk management
Case study
4.
Support services and documentation
Objectives
Support services
Procurement of provisions for infection control
Decontamination of equipment
Decontamination of patient care articles
Decontamination of the environment
Waste management
Documentation
Incident reporting
Design of Ebola treatment units
Case study
5.
Communication and community engagement
Objectives
Communication
Preparing for community engagement
Implementing community engagement
Challenges of community engagement
Case study
6.
Resources
Websites
Guidelines
Guide to local production: WHO-recommended handrub formulations
Infection Control Readiness Checklist: Ebola Virus Disease
Empathetic Care
Acknowledgements
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About this book
1.
Introduction to kindness, empathy and compassion
Contents
Objectives
Introduction to care
Working with kindness
Working with empathy
Responding to the suffering of others
Case study
2.
Thinking empathy and empathic communication
Contents
Objectives
Communication
The importance of listening
Communicating with body language
Asking questions
Case study
3.
Self-care
Contents
Objectives
Self-care
Setting boundaries
Self-compassion
Case study
4.
Using empathy and kindness to help others
Contents
Objectives
The importance of keeping calm
Keeping ourselves calm
Helping others to keep calm
Helping others to feel connected
Managing peer group meetings
Case study
Facilitator's Guide
Acknowledgements
Introduction
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Dear Facilitator
Facilitator’s checklist
Before the first group meeting
At the first group meeting
Before every group meeting
At group meetings
After completing the chapters
1.
Introduction to studying in groups
What is group learning?
Why is it good to learn in a group?
What does the group facilitator do?
What makes a group successful?
2.
Planning a group
Identifying a need
Choosing the right course
Getting stakeholder buy-in
A training budget
Advertising
Participant requirements
Group size
Group location
3.
Starting a group
Group meeting times
How to get the books
Preparing for skills demonstrations
Establishing goals
4.
Running a group
Establishing group rules
How Bettercare learning programmes work
How the books work
Planning for group sessions
Inviting resource people
Preparing for group sessions
Using the multiple-choice quizzes
5.
Tips for successful group work
How do I keep my group members motivated?
How do I keep the course interesting?
Ensuring skills are applied at work
6.
Finishing a course
Completing the course with an exam
Arranging a certificate-handover ceremony
The Bettercare exam process
Photographs
Updating the course material
Your next Bettercare course
7.
Contact details
8.
Templates
Group contact details
Goal-setting
Session plan
Guest speakers
Multiple-choice answer sheet
Pre- and post-quiz scores
Fetal Heart Rate Handbook
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About this book
1.
Understanding the fetus during labour
1.
What is fetal wellbeing?
2.
How is the condition of the fetus monitored clinically during pregnancy?
3.
Is it helpful to count the fetal heart rate during pregnancy?
4.
What clinical signs can be used to monitor the fetal condition during labour?
5.
What else should be monitored during labour?
6.
How do you decide whether a woman is in labour?
2.
Monitoring the fetal heart rate during labour
7.
What are the stages of labour?
8.
Should the fetal heart rate always be monitored in labour?
9.
Should the fetal heart rate be monitored throughout labour?
10.
How can the fetal heart rate be monitored?
11.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a fetal stethoscope?
12.
What are the advantages and disadvantages most fetal monitors?
13.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a cardiotocograph?
14.
Which method of fetal heart rate monitoring should be used?
15.
What are the advantages of the Philips fetal monitor?
16.
Why is it so important to monitor the fetal heart rate during labour?
3.
Fetal stress during labour
17.
What may stress the fetus during labour?
18.
How does head compression affect the fetus?
19.
What may reduce the supply of oxygen to the fetus?
20.
How do contractions reduce the supply of oxygen to the fetus?
21.
How does the fetus obtain an adequate supply of oxygen during normal uterine contractions?
22.
When do uterine contractions reduce the supply of oxygen to the fetus?
23.
How does the fetus respond to a lack of oxygen during labour?
24.
How is fetal distress recognised during labour?
4.
Assessing the fetal condition during labour
25.
How do you assess the condition of the fetus during labour?
26.
What is the importance of meconium-stained amniotic fluid?
5.
Assessing fetal heart rate
27.
How should you monitor the fetal heart rate?
28.
How often should you routinely monitor the fetal heart rate?
29.
Which women are considered to have a high risk of fetal distress?
30.
How often must the fetal heart rate be monitored if there is a high risk of fetal distress?
31.
What features of the fetal heart rate pattern should you always assess during labour?
32.
What is the normal baseline fetal heart rate?
33.
What is a deceleration?
34.
How do decelerations relate to the timing of contractions?
35.
What is an acceleration?
36.
What fetal heart rate patterns can easily be recognised with a fetal monitor?
6.
Fetal heart rate patterns
37.
What is the normal fetal heart rate pattern during labour?
38.
What is the importance of a normal fetal heart rate pattern?
39.
Which fetal heart rate patterns are not normal during labour?
40.
What is a baseline tachycardia?
41.
What are the causes of a baseline tachycardia?
42.
What is a baseline bradycardia?
43.
What is the cause of a baseline bradycardia?
44.
What are early decelerations?
45.
What is the significance of early decelerations?
46.
What are late decelerations?
47.
What is the significance of repeated late decelerations?
48.
What are variable decelerations?
49.
How should you assess the condition of the fetus on the basis of the fetal heart rate pattern?
50.
Which fetal heart rate patterns indicate an increased risk of fetal distress during labour?
51.
What fetal heart rate patterns indicate fetal distress during labour?
52.
What questions should be asked when the fetal heart rate pattern is assessed during labour?
53.
What fetal heart rate pattern is abnormal during the second stage of labour?
7.
Using a partogram
54.
What is a partogram?
55.
How are the fetal observations recorded on the partogram?
8.
Managing a woman with fetal decelerations
56.
What is the management of a woman with decelerations?
9.
Managing fetal distress
57.
What is the management of a woman with fetal distress?
58.
What is fetal resuscitation?
10.
When to use a cardiotocograph
59.
When should a cardiotocograph (CTG) trace be obtained?
Immunisations
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Introduction
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About this book
1 Introduction to immunisation
Objectives
Introduction to immunisations
Managing an immunisation clinic
Promoting immunisation
Case studies
2 Common immunisations
Objectives
Expanded programme on immunisations
Non scheduled immunisations
The method of giving immunisations
Case studies
3 The immunisation schedule
Objectives
Routine immunisations
Advising parents about immunisation visits
Catch up immunisations
The immunisation record
Case studies
4 Immunisation risks
Objectives
The risk of not immunising all children
Side effects of immunisation
Discussing risks and benefits of immunisation with parents
Contraindications to immunisation
The cold chain
Case studies
Infection Prevention and Control
About the book
About the author and editors
Reviews
Acknowledgements
Introduction
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1.
Role and structure of infection prevention and control programmes
Objectives
Introduction to infection prevention and control programmes
Structure and function of infection prevention and control programmes
Education of healthcare workers
Audits in infection prevention and control
Policy development in infection prevention and control
Report writing in infection prevention and control
Occupational health and safety programmes
Case studies
2.
Micro-organisms of relevance to infection prevention and control
Objectives
Introduction
Pathogenic micro-organisms
Basic anatomy and physiology of bacteria
Fungi, viruses and parasites
Transmission of micro-organisms
Defences against infection
Healthcare-associated infections (HAI)
The role of the laboratory
Control of communicable diseases
Case studies
3.
Risk management in IPC
Objectives
Risk assessment in IPC
Risk management in IPC
Standard and transmission-based precautions
Use of personal protective equipment
Injection safety and re-use prevention devices
Care bundles
Case studies
4.
Hand hygiene
Objectives
Infection transmission via hands
Introduction to hand hygiene
Principles of hand hygiene
Alcohol-based handrubs
Facilities for optimal hand hygiene
Hand hygiene compliance
Case studies
5.
Infection prevention and control considerations for healthcare facility design
Objectives
Healthcare facility design
General wards and clinics
Isolation areas
Specialised areas
Support services
Case studies
6.
Environmental cleaning, waste management and decontamination of medical devices
Objectives
Environmental cleaning
Waste management
Decontamination of medical devices
The role of the sterile services department (SSD)
Case studies
7.
Surveillance and outbreak investigation in low-resource settings
Objectives
Surveillance of healthcare-associated infections (HAI)
Outbreak investigation
Case studies
8.
Tuberculosis infection prevention and control
Objectives
Tuberculosis in low-resource settings
Tuberculosis transmission
Diagnosis of tuberculosis
Drug-resistant tuberculosis
Global tuberculosis control
Tuberculosis infection prevention and control (TB-IPC)
Administrative control measures
Environmental control measures
Respiratory protection control measures
Healthcare worker adherence to tuberculosis control measures
Occupational health services for tuberculosis
Tuberculosis prevention in the community
Case studies
9.
Antimicrobial stewardship
Objectives
Antimicrobial resistance
Antimicrobial stewardship
Antimicrobial stewardship programmes
The role of IPC in antimicrobial stewardship
Tools for antimicrobial stewardship
Case studies
10.
COVID-19
Objectives
Introduction to COVID-19
How to prevent the spread of COVID-19
Clinical features of COVID-19
Management of people with suspected coronavirus infection
Management of patients with mild COVID-19
Management of patients with moderate or severe COVID-19
Protecting healthcare workers
Vaccines against COVID-19
Case studies
Addendum: Resources for infection prevention and control
Websites
Guideline and policy documents
Intrapartum Care
Acknowledgements
Introduction
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1.
Monitoring the condition of the mother during the first stage of labour
Objectives
Monitoring labour
Assessing the general condition of the patient
Assessing the temperature
Assessing the pulse rate
Assessing the blood pressure
Assessing the urine
Maternal exhaustion
Case studies
2.
Monitoring the condition of the fetus during the first stage of labour
Objectives
Monitoring the fetus
Fetal heart rate patterns
The liquor
Case studies
3.
Monitoring and managing the first stage of labour
Objectives
The diagnosis of labour
The two phases of the first stage of labour
Monitoring of the first stage of labour
Management of a patient in the latent phase of the first stage of labour
Management of a patient in the active phase of the first stage of labour
Poor progress in the active phase of the first stage of labour
Cephalopelvic disproportion
Inadequate uterine action
The referral of patients with poor progress during the active phase of the first stage of labour
Prolapse of the umbilical cord
Women living with HIV
Case studies
Skills: Examination of the abdomen in labour
Objectives
Abdominal palpation
Assessing contractions
Assessing the fetal heart rate
Skills: Vaginal examination in labour
Objectives
Preparation for a vaginal examination in labour
Procedure of examination
The vulva and vagina
The cervix
The membranes and liquor
The presenting part
Moulding
Skills: Recording observations on the partogram
Objectives
The partogram
Recording the condition of the mother
Recording the condition of the fetus
Recording the progress of labour
Exercises on the correct use of the partogram
Case studies
4.
The second stage of labour
Objectives
The normal second stage of labour
Managing the second stage of labour
Episiotomy
Prolonged second stage of labour
Management of impacted shoulders
Managing the newborn infant
Case studies
Skills: Performing and repairing an episiotomy
Objectives
Repairing an episiotomy
5.
The third stage of labour
Objectives
The normal third stage of labour
Managing the third stage of labour
Examination of the placenta after birth
The abnormal third stage of labour
Managing postpartum haemorrhage
Protecting the staff from HIV infection
Case studies
Skills: Inserting and using intra-uterine balloon tamponade to treat postpartum haemorrhage
Objectives
Unique features of the Ellavi intra-uterine balloon
Prerequisites for use
Preparation prior to use
Insertion into the uterus
Antibiotic prophylaxis
Transfer
Intra-uterine pressure control
Monitoring for bleeding
Abdominal discomfort
Removal
Cautions and warnings
6.
Managing pain during labour
Objectives
Pain relief in labour
Use of analgesics in labour
Naloxone
Sedation during labour
Inhalational analgesia
Local anaesthesia
Epidural anaesthesia
General anaesthesia
Case studies
7.
The puerperium
Objectives
The normal puerperium
Management of the puerperium
The six week postnatal visit
Puerperal pyrexia
Genital tract infection
Urinary tract infections
Thrombophlebitis
Respiratory tract infection
Puerperal psychiatric disorders
Secondary postpartum haemorrhage
Self-monitoring
HIV positive mothers
Case studies
8.
Family planning after pregnancy
Objectives
Contraceptive counselling
Case studies
Maternal Care
Acknowledgements
Introduction
About Bettercare
Why decentralised learning?
Free Bettercare Online Learning Station
Learning programmes
Format of the courses
Contributors
Updating the course material
Contact information
Registration
1.
Antenatal care
Objectives
Goals of good antenatal care
Diagnosing pregnancy
The first antenatal visit
Determining the duration of pregnancy
Side-room and special screening investigations
The second antenatal visit
Assessing the results of the screening investigations
Grading the risk
Subsequent visits
The visit at 26 weeks
The visits at 30, 34 and 36 weeks
The visit at 40 weeks
Managing pregnant women with HIV infection
Case studies
1a.
Skills: General examination at the first antenatal visit
Objectives
History taking
Examination of the patient
Testing the patient’s urine
Doing a pregnancy test
1b.
Skills: Examination of the abdomen in pregnancy
Objectives
General examination of the abdomen
Examination of the uterus and the fetus
1c
. Skills: Vaginal examination in pregnancy
Objectives
Indications for a vaginal examination
Method of vaginal examination
1d.
Skills: Screening tests for syphilis
Objectives
Syphilis screening
Syphilis rapid test
1e.
Skills: Screening tests for HIV
Objectives
HIV screening
1f.
Skills: Examination of the breasts
Objectives
History taking
Examination of the breasts
2.
Assessment of fetal growth and condition during pregnancy
Objectives
Introduction
Fetal growth
Fetal movements
Antenatal fetal heart rate monitoring
Case studies
2a.
Skills: Routine use of the antenatal record
Objectives
The Antenatal record
3.
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
Objectives
The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
The classification of hypertension during pregnancy
Pre-eclampsia
Patients at increased risk of pre-eclampsia
The management of pre-eclampsia
The emergency management of pre-eclampsia with severe features
The management of eclampsia
The further management of pre-eclampsia with severe features at the referral hospital
Gestational hypertension
Chronic hypertension
Postpartum hypertension
Case studies
3a.
Skills: Measuring blood pressure and proteinuria
Objectives
Measuring blood pressure
Measuring proteinuria
4.
Antepartum haemorrhage
Objectives
Antepartum haemorrhage
The initial emergency management of antepartum haemorrhage
Diagnosing the cause of the bleeding
Antepartum bleeding caused by abruptio placentae
Antepartum bleeding caused by placenta praevia
Antepartum haemorrhage of unknown cause
Referral of a patient with an antepartum haemorrhage
A blood-stained vaginal discharge
Case studies
5.
Preterm labour and preterm rupture of the membranes
Objectives
Preterm labour and preterm rupture of the membranes
Diagnosis of preterm labour and preterm rupture of the membranes
Management of preterm labour
Management of preterm rupture of the membranes
Prelabour rupture of the membranes
Case studies
6.
Monitoring the condition of the mother during the first stage of labour
Objectives
Monitoring labour
Assessing the general condition of the patient
Assessing the temperature
Assessing the pulse rate
Assessing the blood pressure
Assessing the urine
Maternal exhaustion
Case studies
7.
Monitoring the condition of the fetus during the first stage of labour
Objectives
Monitoring the fetus
Fetal heart rate patterns
The liquor
Case studies
8.
Monitoring and managing the first stage of labour
Objectives
The diagnosis of labour
Management of suspected labour
The two phases of the first stage of labour
Monitoring of the first stage of labour
Management of a patient in the latent phase of the first stage of labour
Management of a patient in the active phase of the first stage of labour
Poor progress in the active phase of the first stage of labour
Cephalopelvic disproportion
Inadequate uterine action
The referral of patients with poor progress during the active phase of the first stage of labour
Prolapse of the umbilical cord
Women living with HIV
Case studies
8a.
Skills: Examination of the abdomen in labour
Objectives
Abdominal palpation
Assessing contractions
Assessing the fetal heart rate
8b.
Skills: Vaginal examination in labour
Objectives
Preparation for a vaginal examination in labour
Procedure of examination
The vulva and vagina
The cervix
The membranes and liquor
The presenting part
Moulding
8c.
Skills: Recording observations on the partogram
Objectives
The partogram
Recording the condition of the mother
Recording the condition of the fetus
Recording the progress of labour
Exercises on the correct use of the partogram
Case studies
9.
The second stage of labour
Objectives
The normal second stage of labour
Managing the second stage of labour
Episiotomy
Prolonged second stage of labour
Management of impacted shoulders
Managing the newborn infant
Case studies
9a.
Skills: Performing and repairing an episiotomy
Objectives
Performing an episiotomy
Repairing an episiotomy
10.
Managing pain during labour
Objectives
Pain relief in labour
Use of analgesics in labour
Naloxone
Sedation during labour
Inhalational analgesia
Local anaesthesia
Epidural anaesthesia
General anaesthesia
Case studies
11.
The third stage of labour
Objectives
The normal third stage of labour
Managing the third stage of labour
Examination of the placenta after birth
The abnormal third stage of labour
Managing postpartum haemorrhage
Protecting the staff from HIV infection
Case studies
12.
The puerperium
Objectives
The normal puerperium
Management of the puerperium
The six week postnatal visit
Puerperal pyrexia
Genital tract infection
Urinary tract infections
Thrombophlebitis
Respiratory tract infection
Puerperal psychiatric disorders
Secondary postpartum haemorrhage
Self-monitoring
HIV positive mothers
Case studies
13.
Medical problems during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium
Objectives
Urinary tract infection during pregnancy
Anaemia in pregnancy
Heart valve disease in pregnancy and the puerperium
Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy
Case studies
14.
Family planning after pregnancy
Objectives
Contraceptive counselling
Case studies
15.
Regionalised perinatal care
Objectives
Regionalised perinatal care
The perinatal-care clinic
Transferring patients safely to hospital
Maternal mortality
Case studies
Appendix
Guidelines for the management of patients with risk factors and medical problems during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium
BMI table
Maternal Mental Health
Acknowledgements
Introduction
About Bettercare
Why decentralised learning?
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Updating the course material
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Registration
1.
Introduction to maternal mental health
Objectives
Introduction to maternal mental health
Risk factors linked to poor maternal mental health
Types of maternal mental illness
Chapter summary
Case studies
2.
Identifying maternal mental illness
Objectives
Challenges in identifying maternal mental illness
Screening for common maternal mental disorders (depression and anxiety)
Chapter summary
Case studies
3.
Making referrals for maternal mental illness
Objectives
Referrals
Counselling
Non-attendance
Doulas
Chapter summary
Case studies
4.
How to help mothers with mental distress
Objectives
Why pregnancy and childbirth are stressful periods
Disrespect and abuse in the maternity setting
Well-being of care providers
Engaging empathically with mothers
Chapter summary
Case studies
Activities
5.
Special medical issues in maternal mental health
Objectives
HIV and mental illness
Alcohol and drug misuse
The risk of suicide
Postnatal psychosis
Perinatal loss and mental health
Chapter summary
Case studies
6.
Special social issues in maternal mental health
Objectives
Poverty and mental illness
Teenage pregnancy and mental illness
Unintended pregnancy and termination of pregnancy
Refugees, migrants and mental illness
Maternal abuse
Child abuse
Chapter summary
Case studies
7.
Infant mental health
Objectives
Introduction to infant mental health
Negative effects of stress on infant mental health
Identifying poor mental well-being in infants
Infant social withdrawal
Attachment problems
Interventions for improving mother-infant interactions
Chapter summary
Case studies
Resources
1.
Screening tools for common mental disorders
2.
Making referrals
3.
Useful contact numbers for care providers in South Africa
4.
Resources for pregnant women and new mothers
5.
Information about termination of pregnancy
6.
Information on adoption services
7.
Maintenance Orders
8.
Child Support Grants
9.
Protection orders
10.
South African national helplines
11.
South African organisations for training in counselling
12.
Additional information on infant mental health
Mental Health and Wellbeing
Acknowledgements
Introduction
About Bettercare
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About this book
1.
Promoting mental health
Contents
Objectives
An introduction to mental health
Stress
Stigma
Mental and physical health
Healthy routine and habits to promote mental health
Case studies
2.
Common mental health conditions
Contents
Objectives
Introduction to mental health conditions
Depression
Anxiety
Recognising common mental health conditions
Other mental health problems
Suicide
Case studies
3.
High risk and vulnerable people
Contents
Objectives
Introduction to high risk and vulnerable people
Maternal mental health
Infant mental health
Adolescent mental health
Mental health in the elderly
Care workers
Case studies
4.
How to help people with mental health conditions
Contents
Objectives
Introduction to helping people with a mental health condition
Helping mothers
Helping infants
Helping adolescents
Helping ourselves as care workers
Helping people who are suicidal
Other simple ways to help people with mental health conditions
Case studies
Mother and Baby Care for Community Health Workers
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Why decentralised learning?
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Updating the course material
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Registration
1.
Care of the mother
Objectives
Maternal care
Pregnancy
Antenatal care
Common problems during pregnancy
Keeping healthy during pregnancy
Important danger signs in pregnancy
HIV during pregnancy
Labour and delivery
Postnatal care
Case studies
2.
Care of the newborn baby
Objectives
Size at birth
Care of normal babies after birth
Common problems in newborn babies
Important danger signs in newborn babies
Supporting mothers of newborn babies
Registering newborn babies
Case studies
3.
Exclusive breastfeeding
Objectives
Choice of feeding method
Managing exclusive breastfeeding
Helping mothers to breastfeed
Difficulties with exclusive breastfeeding
Promoting exclusive breastfeeding
Case studies
4.
HIV in mother and baby
Objectives
Basics of HIV infection
Spread and prevention of HIV infection
Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection
Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection
Feeding babies born to mothers with HIV infection
Supporting HIV positive mothers
Case studies
Mother and Baby Friendly Care
Acknowledgements
Introduction
About the Bettercare series
Why decentralised learning?
Bettercare Online Learning Station
Books in the Bettercare series
Format of the courses
Contributors
Updating the course material
Contact information
Registration
1.
Mother friendly care during pregnancy
Objectives
Mother friendly care for pregnant women
Women and their pregnancies
Managing pregnant women in a mother friendly way
Mother friendly health workers
Case studies
2.
Mother friendly care during labour, delivery and the puerperium
Objectives
Introduction to mother friendly care
Mother friendly care during labour
Mother friendly care during delivery
Mother friendly care after delivery
Case studies
3.
Principles of Kangaroo Mother Care
Objectives
Introduction to kangaroo mother care
Advantages of kangaroo mother care
Case studies
4.
Practice of Kangaroo Mother Care
Objectives
Promoting kangaroo mother care
The method of kangaroo mother care
Kangaroo mother care in the nursery
A Kangaroo Mother Care ward
Ambulatory Kangaroo Mother Care at home
Kangaroo mother care for transport
Case studies
5.
Baby friendly care
Objectives
Introduction to baby friendly care
Care of the infant immediately after delivery
Care of the infant in the nursery
Care of infants in an intensive care unit
Care of infants in the postnatal ward
Care of the infant at home
Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative
Touch therapy
Case studies
Newborn Care
Acknowledgements
Introduction
About Bettercare
Why decentralised learning?
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Format of the courses
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Updating the course material
Contact information
Registration
1.
Failure to breathe at birth and resuscitation
Objectives
Assessing the infant at birth
Neonatal resuscitation
Preventing meconium aspiration
Neonatal encephalopathy
Case studies
Skills: Neonatal resuscitation
Objectives
Assessing the Apgar score
Giving mask ventilation
Tracheal intubation
Chest compressions
2.
Assessing gestational age and size at birth
Objectives
Assessing an infant’s gestational age at birth
Assessing an infant’s size at birth
Grouping infants by their weight for gestational age
Case studies
Skills: Gestational age and weight
Objectives
Assessing the gestational age
Measuring weight and head circumference
Plotting weight and head circumference
References
3.
The routine care of normal infants
Objectives
Managing normal infants
Common minor problems
Discharging a normal infant
Case studies
Skills: Clinical history and examination
Objectives
Introduction
Taking a perinatal history
The physical examination of a newborn infant
The road-to-health booklet
4.
Feeding normal infants
Objectives
Introduction to infant feeding
The benefits of breastfeeding
Promoting breastfeeding
Teaching mothers to breastfeed
Managing breastfeeding problems
Formula-feeding newborn infants
The baby friendly initiative
Feeding the HIV-exposed infant
Case studies
5.
Care of high-risk and sick infants
Objectives
Classification of infants on the basis of risk
Managing a sick infant
Monitoring a high-risk or sick infant
The management of shock
The management of fits
The management of acidosis
Case studies
Skills: Clinical notes and observations
Objectives
Writing good clinical notes
Recording routine observations
Recording fluid intake and output
6.
Feeding sick or high-risk infants
Objectives
Fluid requirements
Intravenous fluids
Milk feeds for sick or high-risk infants
Vomiting
Case studies
Skills: Feeding sick or high-risk infants
Objectives
Passing a nasogastric tube
Nasogastric feeding
Preparation of formula feeds
Starting a peripheral intravenous infusion
Using a fluid controller
7.
Temperature control and hypothermia
Objectives
Measuring body temperature
Heat production and loss
Hypothermia
Pyrexia
Case studies
Skills: Temperature control and hypothermia
Objectives
The telethermometer
The closed incubator
The overhead radiant warmer
8.
Glucose control and hypoglycaemia
Objectives
Glucose control
Hypoglycaemia
Hyperglycaemia
Case studies
Skills: Glucose control and hypoglycaemia
Objectives
Measuring the glucose concentration in capillary blood with reagent strips
Measuring the glucose concentration in capillary blood with a glucose meter
Inserting an umbilical vein catheter
9.
Jaundice, anaemia and polycythaemia
Objectives
Jaundice
Haemolytic disease
Phototherapy
Anaemia
Polycythaemia
Case studies
Skills: Jaundice and phototherapy
Objectives
Measuring the packed cell volume
Using a phototherapy unit
10.
Respiratory distress and apnoea
Objectives
Respiratory distress
Hyaline membrane disease
Wet lung syndrome
Meconium aspiration syndrome
Pneumonia
Pneumothorax
Heart failure and patent ductus arteriosus
Apnoea
Case studies
Skills: Respiratory distress and apnoea
Objectives
Using an apnoea monitor
Transillumination of the chest
Emergency needling of a pneumothorax
Inserting a chest drain
11.
Oxygen therapy
Objectives
Oxygen therapy
Measuring the amount of oxygen
The advantages and disadvantages of extra oxygen
Administering oxygen safely
Providing continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP)
Case studies
Skills: Oxygen therapy
Objectives
Using a flow meter with humidifier
Using a blender or venturi
Using an oxygen monitor
Using a pulse oximeter (oxygen saturation monitor)
Providing nasal cannula oxygen
Providing nasal CPAP
12.
Infection
Objectives
Preventing infection
Minor infections
Major infections
Chorioamnionitis
Chronic intra-uterine infection
Syphilis
HIV infection
Case studies
13.
Trauma and bleeding
Objectives
Trauma
Bleeding
Case studies
14.
Congenital Disorders
Objectives
Introduction to congenital disorders
Common structural congenital disorders
Serious structural congenital disorders
Major neurological defects
Important syndromes
Managing parents of infants with a congenital disorder
Case studies
15.
Communication
Objectives
Communication with parents
Parental bonding
Managing the family of a sick or dying infant
Bereavement
Communicating with colleagues at other hospitals and clinics
Transferring newborn infants
Assessing the perinatal health-care status in your region
Case studies
Palliative Care for Children
Acknowledgements
Introduction
About Bettercare
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1
The principles and practice of palliative care for children
Contents
Objectives
Introduction to palliative care for children
The continuum of care
Categories of childhood illnesses needing palliative care
Places where palliative care can be provided
Levels of care
Case studies
2
Ethics and decision making
Contents
Objectives
Medical ethics in children’s palliative care
Ethical dilemmas
Making decisions for children in palliative care
Making an ethical plan
Case studies
3
Communication
Contents
Objectives
Good communication
Difficult conversations and breaking bad news
Communicating with children
Talking to children about illness and death
Electronic communication
Case studies
4
Teamwork, managing conflict and self-care
Contents
Objectives
Understanding the basics of the team and teamwork
Managing conflict
Referral pathways
Self-awareness, debriefing and self-care
Self-care
Case studies
5
Holistic assessment and palliative care planning
Contents
Objectives
Holistic assessment
The assessment process
Care planning
Care plans
The palliative care plan
Advance care planning
Terminal care plans
Case study
6
Psychosocial care and support
Contents
Objectives
Assessing a child’s psychosocial needs
The right to continuing education
The role of the community in children’s palliative care
The role of the family in children’s palliative care
The need to support the siblings
Principles of relating with the child and the family
Case studies
7
Cultural understanding and spiritual care
Contents
Objectives
Assessing culture
Spirituality and spiritual care
Assessing spirituality
Planning and providing spiritual care for children
Case studies
8
Pain management
Contents
Objectives
Introduction to pain
Types of pain
Pain assessment in children
Pain management in children
Morphine use in children
Management of specific pains
Case studies
9
Management of respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms
Contents
Objectives
Signs and symptoms
General approach to symptom management in children
Managing shortness of breath
Managing excessive respiratory secretions
Managing nausea and vomiting
Managing constipation
Case study
10
Management of neurological, nutritional and skin symptoms
Contents
Objectives
Managing anxiety
Managing depression
Managing fatigue
Managing anorexia and cachexia
Managing pruritus
Preventing and managing pressure sores
Managing fungating malodourous wounds
Case studies
11
End-of-life care
Contents
Objectives
Introduction to end-of-life care
End-of-life planning
Managing distressing symptoms at the end-of-life
Management at the end-of-life
Supporting the family at the end-of-life
Case studies
12
Loss, grief and bereavement
Contents
Objectives
Introduction to loss, grief, mourning and bereavement
The grief process
Supporting families in their grief and bereavement
Children and grief
Supporting children after death
Memory making
Case studies
Appendix A: The International Children’s Palliative Care Network (ICPCN) charter of rights for life-limited and life-threatened children
Appendix B: Communication role plays
Appendix B1: Communication assessment tool
Appendix B2: Self-reflection tool
Appendix C: Debriefing model
Appendix D: Palliative care plan
Appendix E: PatchSA Advance care plan
Appendix F: Using the QUESTT approach to assess the child
Appendix G: Age appropriate pain rating scales
Appendix H: Drug formulary
Appendix I: Instructions for inserting and caring for a butterfly needle for a subcutaneous infusion
Appendix J: PatchSA terminal care plan and end-of-life care plan checklist
Perinatal HIV
Acknowledgements
Introduction
About Bettercare
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1.
Introduction to perinatal HIV
Objectives
Introduction to HIV
The spread of HIV
Diagnosing HIV infection
Clinical signs of HIV infection
Preventing HIV infection
Managing HIV infection
Accidental HIV infection
Case studies
2.
HIV in pregnancy
Objectives
HIV infection in pregnancy
HIV prophylaxis and treatment in pregnancy
HIV and AIDS during pregnancy
Clinical staging of HIV infection
Use of antiretroviral (ARV) treatment in pregnancy
TB and HIV co-infection
Case studies
3.
HIV during labour and delivery
Objectives
HIV transmission during labour
Reducing HIV transmission during labour and delivery
Antiretroviral prophylaxis in labour
HIV in the puerperium
Preventing accidental HIV infection
Follow-up care of HIV-infected women
Case studies
4.
HIV in the newborn infant
Objectives
Introduction to HIV-exposed newborn infants
Diagnosing HIV infection in infants
Preventing HIV infection in newborn infants
HIV transmission in breast milk
Breastfeeding HIV-exposed infants
Formula feeding HIV-exposed infants
Care of HIV-exposed infants
HIV infection in infants
Case studies
5.
HIV and counselling
Objectives
Introduction to counselling
HIV counselling
Counselling for antenatal HIV screening
Receiving bad news
Counselling women with HIV infection
Safer sex counselling
Support for HIV counsellors
Case studies
Primary Maternal Care
Acknowledgements
Introduction
About Bettercare
Why decentralised learning?
Free Bettercare Online Learning Station
Learning programmes
Format of the courses
Contributors
Updating the course material
Contact information
Registration
1.
Antenatal care
Objectives
Goals of good antenatal care
Diagnosing pregnancy
The first antenatal visit
Determining the duration of pregnancy
Side-room and special screening investigations
The second antenatal visit
Assessing the results of the special screening investigations
Grading the risk
Subsequent visits
The visit at 28 weeks
The visit at 34 weeks
The visit at 41 weeks
Managing women with HIV infection
Case studies
1a.
Skills: General examination at the first antenatal visit
Objectives
History taking
Examination of the patient
Testing the patient’s urine
Doing a pregnancy test
1b.
Skills: Examination of the abdomen in pregnancy
Objectives
General examination of the abdomen
Examination of the uterus and the fetus
1c.
Skills: Vaginal examination in pregnancy
Objectives
Indications for a vaginal examination
Method of vaginal examination
1d.
Skills: Screening tests for syphilis
Objectives
Syphilis screening
Syphilis rapid test
1e.
Skills: Screening tests for HIV
Objectives
HIV screening
1f.
Skills: Examination of the breasts
Objectives
History taking
Examination of the breasts
2.
Assessment of fetal growth and condition during pregnancy
Objectives
Introduction
Fetal growth
Fetal movements
Antenatal fetal heart rate monitoring
Case studies
2a.
Skills: Routine use of the antenatal card
Objectives
3.
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
Objectives
The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
The classification of hypertension during pregnancy
Pre-eclampsia
Patients at increased risk of pre-eclampsia
The management of pre-eclampsia
The emergency management of severe pre-eclampsia and imminent eclampsia
The management of eclampsia
The further management of severe pre-eclampsia and imminent eclampsia at the referral hospital
Gestational hypertension
Chronic hypertension
Postpartum hypertension
Case studies
3a.
Skills: Measuring blood pressure and proteinuria
Objectives
Measuring blood pressure
Measuring proteinuria
4.
Antepartum haemorrhage
Objectives
Antepartum haemorrhage
The initial emergency management of antepartum haemorrhage
Diagnosing the cause of the bleeding
Antepartum bleeding caused by abruptio placentae
Antepartum bleeding caused by placenta praevia
Antepartum haemorrhage of unknown cause
Referral of a patient with an antepartum haemorrhage
A blood-stained vaginal discharge
Case studies
5.
Preterm labour and preterm rupture of the membranes
Objectives
Preterm labour and preterm rupture of the membranes
Diagnosis of preterm labour and preterm rupture of the membranes
Management of preterm labour
Management of preterm rupture of the membranes
Prelabour rupture of the membranes
Case studies
6.
The puerperium and family planning
Objectives
The puerperium
Management of the puerperium
The 6 week postnatal visit
Puerperal pyrexia
Genital tract infection
Urinary tract infection
Thrombophlebitis
Respiratory tract infection
Puerperal psychiatric disorders
Secondary postpartum haemorrhage
Self-monitoring
HIV positive mothers
Family planning in the puerperium
Case studies
7.
Medical problems during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium
Objectives
Urinary tract infection during pregnancy
Anaemia in pregnancy
Heart valve disease in pregnancy and the puerperium
Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy
Case studies
Appendix
Guidelines for the management of patients with risk factors and medical problems during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium
BMI table
Primary Newborn Care
Acknowledgements
Introduction
About Bettercare
Why decentralised learning?
Free Bettercare Online Learning Station
Learning programmes
Format of the courses
Contributors
Updating the course material
Contact information
Registration
1.
Care of infants at birth
Management of an infant who does not breathe well after birth
Resuscitation
Management of meconium-stained infants
Case studies
2.
Care of normal infants
Objectives
Caring for normal infants
Feeding the normal infant
The baby-friendly approach
Discharging a normal infant
Case studies
3.
Care of low-birth-weight infants
Objectives
Prevention of hypothermia
Prevention of hypoglycaemia
Recurrent apnoea
Feeding low-birth-weight infants
Anaemia
Kangaroo mother care
Keeping good patient notes
Assessing patient care
Case studies
4.
Emergency management of infants
Objectives
Introduction
The management of hypothermia
The management of hypoglycaemia
Management of respiratory distress
The correct use of oxygen therapy
Transferring a newborn infant
Case studies
5.
Management of important problems
Objectives
Introduction
Management of an infant with jaundice
Infection in the newborn infant
Trauma in the newborn infant
The management of bleeding in the newborn infant
Management of convulsions (fits)
Congenital abnormalities
Case studies
Public Health
Preface
Acknowledgements
Introduction
About Bettercare
Why decentralised learning?
Free Bettercare Online Learning Station
Learning programmes
Format of the courses
Contributors
Updating the course material
Contact information
Registration
Part 1: What are the problems?
Chapter 1:
Sources of information about communities and populations
Unit 1: Assessing the health of communities and populations
Unit 2: Demographics and sources of population health data
Chapter 2:
Measuring health problems
Unit 3: Measures of disease occurrence
Unit 4: Descriptive statistics
Part 2: What are the causes?
Chapter 3:
Analysing the causes of health problems and socially determined health
Unit 5: Unravelling the causes of ill health
Unit 6: Socially determined health
Unit 7: Migration, urbanisation and globalisation
Chapter 4:
Environmental health
Unit 8: Air quality
Unit 9: Water and sanitation
Unit 10: Climate change and health
Chapter 5:
Nutrition
Unit 11: Nutrition
Chapter 6:
Important health problems and their causes
Unit 12: Infectious disease
Unit 13: Non-communicable disease
Part 3: What are the solutions?
Chapter 7:
Responding to health risks
Unit 14: Prevention
Unit 15: Healthcare systems
Chapter 8:
The governance and organisation of healthcare in South Africa
Unit 16: The legal and regulatory framework in South Africa
Unit 17: Policies
Unit 18: Types of health facilities in South Africa
Chapter 9:
Access to healthcare
Unit 19: Access to healthcare and the ‘right to health’
Unit 20: Primary healthcare and South Africa’s district health system
Chapter 10:
Finance and procurement
Unit 21: The financing of healthcare systems
Unit 22: The supply chain and stock outs
Chapter 11:
Health information systems
Unit 23: Health information systems
Unit 24: eHealth and mHealth
Chapter 12:
The health workforce
Unit 25: Human resources for health
Unit 26: The healthcare team and interprofessional care
Unit 27: Work stress and burnout
Chapter 13:
Approaches to difficult problems
Unit 28: Advocacy
Unit 29: Managing adherence
Unit 30: Major incident planning
Part 4: How well are the solutions working and can we do better?
Chapter 14:
Measuring the performance of health services and programmes
Unit 31: Types of performance measures in health services
Unit 32: Adverse event monitoring
Unit 33: Cost analysis
Unit 34: Programme monitoring and evaluation
Chapter 15:
Improving the performance of health services and programmes
Unit 35: Quality and quality improvement
Unit 36: Tools for reducing wastage and working more efficiently
Unit 37: Change management
Unit 38: Implementation gaps
Resources
Further reading and public health learning
Useful organisations
A holistic patient assessment and management using the ICF framework
Saving Mothers and Babies
Acknowledgements
Introduction
About Bettercare
Why decentralised learning?
Free Bettercare Online Learning Station
Learning programmes
Format of the courses
Contributors
Updating the course material
Contact information
Registration
1.
Introduction to maternal and perinatal mortality
Objectives
Mortality
Audit
Birth register
Low birth weight
Case studies
2.
Maternal mortality
Objectives
Mortality ratio
Causes of maternal death
Confidential enquiry
Avoidable factors
Case studies
PPIP classification of maternal deaths
3.
Perinatal mortality
Objectives
Perinatal mortality
Stillbirths
Neonatal mortality
The ratio of stillbirths to early neonatal deaths
Perinatal care index
Case studies
4.
Maternal and perinatal mortality audits
Objectives
Audit
Perinatal mortality meetings
Perinatal mortality reports
Perinatal problem identification programme (PPIP)
Case studies
PPIP classifications of perinatal deaths
5.
Finding solutions to maternal and perinatal mortality
Objectives
Finding solutions
Avoidable factors associated with maternal deaths
Preventing maternal deaths
Avoidable factors associated with perinatal deaths
Preventing perinatal mortality
Case studies
Women's Health Care
Acknowledgements
Introduction
About Bettercare
Why decentralised learning?
Free Bettercare Online Learning Station
Learning programmes
Format of the courses
Contributors
Updating the course material
Contact information
Registration
1.
Reproductive health
Objectives
Introduction to reproductive health
Routine cancer screening
Overweight and obesity
Smoking
Aging and menopause
Case studies
2.
Family planning and infertility
Objectives
Introduction to family planning
Normal conception
Contraception
Combined oral contraceptives
Progestogen-only contraceptives
Injectable contraception
Other contraceptive methods
Health benefits of contraception
Contraceptive choice in specific circumstances
Emergency contraception
Causes of infertility
Management of women with infertility
Case studies
3.
Common genital and urinary infections
Objectives
Introduction to genital infections
Vaginal discharge
Genital ulcers
Inguinal swelling
Other sexually transmitted viral infections
Pubic itch
Acute urinary tract infections
Case studies
3a.
Skills: How to conduct a gynaecological history and examination
Objectives
Taking a gynaecological history
General examination of the patient
Speculum examination
Bimanual examination
Taking a Pap smear
Doing a pregnancy test
4.
Vaginal bleeding
Objectives
Normal menstruation
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Irregular and postcoital bleeding
Postmenopausal bleeding
Amenorrhoea
Dysmenorrhoea
Premenstrual syndrome
Case studies
5.
Pain and discomfort in women
Objectives
Introduction to pain and discomfort in women
Pelvic pain
Vulvar pain
Breast pain
Case studies
6.
Abuse of women
Objectives
Common forms of abuse
Gender-based violence
Intimate-partner violence
Sexual assault
Case studies