Bettercare Learning Programmes
-
Adult HIV
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- 1. HIV infection
- 2. Managing people with HIV infection
- 3. Preparation for antiretroviral treatment
- 4. Antiretroviral drugs
-
5. Management of patients on antiretroviral treatment
- Objectives
- tarting antiretroviral treatment
- Follow-up visits
- Monitoring the response to antiretroviral treatment
- Problems with antiretroviral treatment
- Adherence
- Drug resistance
- Treatment failure
- Drug interactions
- Drug interruptions
- Side effects of antiretroviral agents
- Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
- Quality of life
- Expense
- Case studies
- 6. HIV-associated infections
- 6a. Skills: Screening tests for HIV
-
Breast Care
- Reviews
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- 1. The normal breast
- 2. Clinical assessment of the breast
- 3. Special investigations of the breast
- 4. Benign changes of the breast
- 5. Cancer of the breast
- 6. Treatment of breast cancer
- 7. Side effects of breast cancer treatment
- 8. Palliative care
- Epilogue
-
Support groups in South Africa
- Adopt A Pink Piggy (APP)
- amaBele Belles
- Breast Cancer Survivor
- BreastSens (BS
- Breast Health Foundation (BHF)
- Bosom Buddies (BB)
- Campaign for Cancer (C4C)
- The Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA)
- HPCA Hospice Palliative Care Association
- Journey of Hope (JoH)
- Look Good, Feel better (LGFB)
- People Living With Cancer (PLWC)
- Pink Drive (PD)
- Pink Trees for Pauline (PTP)
- Reach for Recovery (RFR)
- Sinomusanothando – Community Development (SCD)
- Wings of Hope (WoH)
- Other organisations
- Organisations active by region
- Useful websites
- Recipes and diets
- Examination form
- Investigations
- Child and Adolescent Care for Community Health Workers
-
Child Healthcare
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- 1. The history and examination
- 2. Immunisation
- 3. Growth and development
- 4. Nutrition
- 5. Diarrhoea
- 6. Upper respiratory tract conditions
- 7. Lower respiratory tract conditions
- 8. Tuberculosis
- 9. HIV infection
- 10. Childhood infections
- 11. Parasites
- 12. Skin conditions
- 13. Serious illnesses
- 14. Home and society
- 15. Childhood mortality
-
Childhood HIV
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- 1. Introduction to childhood HIV infection
- 2. Clinical and immunological diagnosis of HIV infection
- 3. Management of children with HIV infection
- 4. Antiretroviral drugs
-
5. Management of children with antiretroviral treatment
- Objectives
- Criteria for antiretroviral treatment
- Patient readiness
- Preparation for antiretroviral treatment
- Managing antiretroviral treatment
- Problems with antiretroviral treatment
- Adherence
- Inadequate dosage
- Drug resistance
- Unsuppressed viral load and treatment failure
- Drug interactions
- Drug interruptions
- Side effects of antiretroviral agents
- Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)
- Case studies
- 6. HIV-associated infections and end-of-life care
-
Childhood TB
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- 1. Introduction to childhood tuberculosis
- 2. Clinical presentation of childhood tuberculosis
-
3. Diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis
- Objectives
- Confirming the clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis
- Tuberculin skin tests
- Identifying TB DNA and bacilli in sputum
- Evaluation by samples by Xpert MTB-RIF
- Sputum smear examination
- Culture for TB bacilli and drug susceptibility testing
- Chest X-ray
- Fine needle aspiration of a lymph node
- Lumbar puncture
- Additional investigations
- Screening for HIV
- Case studies
- 4. Management of childhood tuberculosis
- 5. Preventing childhood tuberculosis
- Pictures
-
Congenital Disorders
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- 1. Introduction to congenital disorders
- 2. Care, prevention and counselling
- 3. Chromosomal Disorders
- 4. Single gene disorders
- 5. Multifactorial congenital disorders
- 6. Congenital disorders caused by teratogens
- Addendum A: Clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, genetic counselling and prevention of common congenital disorders
- Addendum B: Social grants available in South Africa for people with disability
- Addendum C: Down syndrome association contact details in South Africa
- Photographs of congenital disorders
- COVID-19 Guide for Community Health Workers
- Ebola Prevention and Control
- Empathetic Care
- Facilitator's Guide
-
Fetal Heart Rate Handbook
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- About this book
-
1. Understanding the fetus during labour
- 1. What is fetal wellbeing?
- 2. How is the condition of the fetus monitored clinically during pregnancy?
- 3. Is it helpful to count the fetal heart rate during pregnancy?
- 4. What clinical signs can be used to monitor the fetal condition during labour?
- 5. What else should be monitored during labour?
- 6. How do you decide whether a woman is in labour?
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2. Monitoring the fetal heart rate during labour
- 7. What are the stages of labour?
- 8. Should the fetal heart rate always be monitored in labour?
- 9. Should the fetal heart rate be monitored throughout labour?
- 10. How can the fetal heart rate be monitored?
- 11. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a fetal stethoscope?
- 12. What are the advantages and disadvantages most fetal monitors?
- 13. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a cardiotocograph?
- 14. Which method of fetal heart rate monitoring should be used?
- 15. What are the advantages of the Philips fetal monitor?
- 16. Why is it so important to monitor the fetal heart rate during labour?
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3. Fetal stress during labour
- 17. What may stress the fetus during labour?
- 18. How does head compression affect the fetus?
- 19. What may reduce the supply of oxygen to the fetus?
- 20. How do contractions reduce the supply of oxygen to the fetus?
- 21. How does the fetus obtain an adequate supply of oxygen during normal uterine contractions?
- 22. When do uterine contractions reduce the supply of oxygen to the fetus?
- 23. How does the fetus respond to a lack of oxygen during labour?
- 24. How is fetal distress recognised during labour?
- 4. Assessing the fetal condition during labour
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5. Assessing fetal heart rate
- 27. How should you monitor the fetal heart rate?
- 28. How often should you routinely monitor the fetal heart rate?
- 29. Which women are considered to have a high risk of fetal distress?
- 30. How often must the fetal heart rate be monitored if there is a high risk of fetal distress?
- 31. What features of the fetal heart rate pattern should you always assess during labour?
- 32. What is the normal baseline fetal heart rate?
- 33. What is a deceleration?
- 34. How do decelerations relate to the timing of contractions?
- 35. What is an acceleration?
- 36. What fetal heart rate patterns can easily be recognised with a fetal monitor?
-
6. Fetal heart rate patterns
- 37. What is the normal fetal heart rate pattern during labour?
- 38. What is the importance of a normal fetal heart rate pattern?
- 39. Which fetal heart rate patterns are not normal during labour?
- 40. What is a baseline tachycardia?
- 41. What are the causes of a baseline tachycardia?
- 42. What is a baseline bradycardia?
- 43. What is the cause of a baseline bradycardia?
- 44. What are early decelerations?
- 45. What is the significance of early decelerations?
- 46. What are late decelerations?
- 47. What is the significance of repeated late decelerations?
- 48. What are variable decelerations?
- 49. How should you assess the condition of the fetus on the basis of the fetal heart rate pattern?
- 50. Which fetal heart rate patterns indicate an increased risk of fetal distress during labour?
- 51. What fetal heart rate patterns indicate fetal distress during labour?
- 52. What questions should be asked when the fetal heart rate pattern is assessed during labour?
- 53. What fetal heart rate pattern is abnormal during the second stage of labour?
- 7. Using a partogram
- 8. Managing a woman with fetal decelerations
- 9. Managing fetal distress
- 10. When to use a cardiotocograph
- Immunisations
-
Infection Prevention and Control
- About the book
- About the author and editors
- Reviews
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
-
1. Role and structure of infection prevention and control programmes
- Objectives
- Introduction to infection prevention and control programmes
- Structure and function of infection prevention and control programmes
- Education of healthcare workers
- Audits in infection prevention and control
- Policy development in infection prevention and control
- Report writing in infection prevention and control
- Occupational health and safety programmes
- Case studies
- 2. Micro-organisms of relevance to infection prevention and control
- 3. Risk management in IPC
- 4. Hand hygiene
- 5. Infection prevention and control considerations for healthcare facility design
- 6. Environmental cleaning, waste management and decontamination of medical devices
- 7. Surveillance and outbreak investigation in low-resource settings
-
8. Tuberculosis infection prevention and control
- Objectives
- Tuberculosis in low-resource settings
- Tuberculosis transmission
- Diagnosis of tuberculosis
- Drug-resistant tuberculosis
- Global tuberculosis control
- Tuberculosis infection prevention and control (TB-IPC)
- Administrative control measures
- Environmental control measures
- Respiratory protection control measures
- Healthcare worker adherence to tuberculosis control measures
- Occupational health services for tuberculosis
- Tuberculosis prevention in the community
- Case studies
- 9. Antimicrobial stewardship
-
10. COVID-19
- Objectives
- Introduction to COVID-19
- How to prevent the spread of COVID-19
- Clinical features of COVID-19
- Management of people with suspected coronavirus infection
- Management of patients with mild COVID-19
- Management of patients with moderate or severe COVID-19
- Protecting healthcare workers
- Case studies
- Addendum: Resources for infection prevention and control
-
Intrapartum Care
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- 1. Monitoring the condition of the mother during the first stage of labour
- 2. Monitoring the condition of the fetus during the first stage of labour
-
3. Monitoring and managing the first stage of labour
- Objectives
- The diagnosis of labour
- The two phases of the first stage of labour
- Monitoring of the first stage of labour
- Management of a patient in the latent phase of the first stage of labour
- Management of a patient in the active phase of the first stage of labour
- Poor progress in the active phase of the first stage of labour
- Cephalopelvic disproportion
- Inadequate uterine action
- The referral of patients with poor progress during the active phase of the first stage of labour
- Prolapse of the umbilical cord
- HIV positive women
- Case studies
- Skills: Examination of the abdomen in labour
- Skills: Vaginal examination in labour
- Skills: Recording observations on the partogram
- 4. The second stage of labour
- Skills: Performing and repairing an episiotomy
- 5. The third stage of labour
- Skills: Inserting and using intra-uterine balloon tamponade to treat postpartum haemorrhage
- 6. Managing pain during labour
-
7. The puerperium
- Objectives
- The normal puerperium
- Management of the puerperium
- The six week postnatal visit
- Puerperal pyrexia
- Genital tract infection
- Urinary tract infections
- Thrombophlebitis
- Respiratory tract infection
- Puerperal psychiatric disorders
- Secondary postpartum haemorrhage
- Self-monitoring
- HIV positive mothers
- Case studies
- 8. Family planning after pregnancy
-
Maternal Care
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
-
1. Antenatal care
- Objectives
- Goals of good antenatal care
- Diagnosing pregnancy
- The first antenatal visit
- Determining the duration of pregnancy
- Side-room and special screening investigations
- The second antenatal visit
- Assessing the results of the screening investigations
- Grading the risk
- Subsequent visits
- The visit at 26 weeks
- The visits at 30, 34 and 36 weeks
- The visit at 40 weeks
- Managing pregnant women with HIV infection
- Case studies
- 1a. Skills: General examination at the first antenatal visit
- 1b. Skills: Examination of the abdomen in pregnancy
- 1c. Skills: Vaginal examination in pregnancy
- 1d. Skills: Screening tests for syphilis
- 1e. Skills: Screening tests for HIV
- 1f. Skills: Examination of the breasts
- 2. Assessment of fetal growth and condition during pregnancy
- 2a. Skills: Routine use of the antenatal record
-
3. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
- Objectives
- The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
- The classification of hypertension during pregnancy
- Pre-eclampsia
- Patients at increased risk of pre-eclampsia
- The management of pre-eclampsia
- The emergency management of pre-eclampsia with severe features
- The management of eclampsia
- The further management of pre-eclampsia with severe features at the referral hospital
- Gestational hypertension
- Chronic hypertension
- Postpartum hypertension
- Case studies
- 3a. Skills: Measuring blood pressure and proteinuria
-
4. Antepartum haemorrhage
- Objectives
- Antepartum haemorrhage
- The initial emergency management of antepartum haemorrhage
- Diagnosing the cause of the bleeding
- Antepartum bleeding caused by abruptio placentae
- Antepartum bleeding caused by placenta praevia
- Antepartum haemorrhage of unknown cause
- Referral of a patient with an antepartum haemorrhage
- A blood-stained vaginal discharge
- Case studies
- 5. Preterm labour and preterm rupture of the membranes
- 6. Monitoring the condition of the mother during the first stage of labour
- 7. Monitoring the condition of the fetus during the first stage of labour
-
8. Monitoring and managing the first stage of labour
- Objectives
- The diagnosis of labour
- Management of suspected labour
- The two phases of the first stage of labour
- Monitoring of the first stage of labour
- Management of a patient in the latent phase of the first stage of labour
- Management of a patient in the active phase of the first stage of labour
- Poor progress in the active phase of the first stage of labour
- Cephalopelvic disproportion
- Inadequate uterine action
- The referral of patients with poor progress during the active phase of the first stage of labour
- Prolapse of the umbilical cord
- Women living with HIV
- Case studies
- 8a. Skills: Examination of the abdomen in labour
- 8b. Skills: Vaginal examination in labour
- 8c. Skills: Recording observations on the partogram
- 9. The second stage of labour
- 9a. Skills: Performing and repairing an episiotomy
- 10. Managing pain during labour
- 11. The third stage of labour
-
12. The puerperium
- Objectives
- The normal puerperium
- Management of the puerperium
- The six week postnatal visit
- Puerperal pyrexia
- Genital tract infection
- Urinary tract infections
- Thrombophlebitis
- Respiratory tract infection
- Puerperal psychiatric disorders
- Secondary postpartum haemorrhage
- Self-monitoring
- HIV positive mothers
- Case studies
- 13. Medical problems during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium
- 14. Family planning after pregnancy
- 15. Regionalised perinatal care
- Appendix
-
Maternal Mental Health
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- 1. Introduction to maternal mental health
- 2. Identifying maternal mental illness
- 3. Making referrals for maternal mental illness
- 4. How to help mothers with mental distress
- 5. Special medical issues in maternal mental health
- 6. Special social issues in maternal mental health
- 7. Infant mental health
-
Resources
- 1. Screening tools for common mental disorders
- 2. Making referrals
- 3. Useful contact numbers for care providers in South Africa
- 4. Resources for pregnant women and new mothers
- 5. Information about termination of pregnancy
- 6. Information on adoption services
- 7. Maintenance Orders
- 8. Child Support Grants
- 9. Protection orders
- 10. South African national helplines
- 11. South African organisations for training in counselling
- 12. Additional information on infant mental health
- Mental Health and Wellbeing
- Mother and Baby Care for Community Health Workers
- Mother and Baby Friendly Care
-
Newborn Care
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- 1. Failure to breathe at birth and resuscitation
- Skills: Neonatal resuscitation
- 2. Assessing gestational age and size at birth
- Skills: Gestational age and weight
- 3. The routine care of normal infants
- Skills: Clinical history and examination
- 4. Feeding normal infants
- 5. Care of high-risk and sick infants
- Skills: Clinical notes and observations
- 6. Feeding sick or high-risk infants
- Skills: Feeding sick or high-risk infants
- 7. Temperature control and hypothermia
- Skills: Temperature control and hypothermia
- 8. Glucose control and hypoglycaemia
- Skills: Glucose control and hypoglycaemia
- 9. Jaundice, anaemia and polycythaemia
- Skills: Jaundice and phototherapy
- 10. Respiratory distress and apnoea
- Skills: Respiratory distress and apnoea
- 11. Oxygen therapy
- Skills: Oxygen therapy
- 12. Infection
- 13. Trauma and bleeding
- 14. Congenital Disorders
- 15. Communication
-
Palliative Care for Children
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- 1 The principles and practice of palliative care for children
- 2 Ethics and decision making
- 3 Communication
- 4 Teamwork, managing conflict and self-care
- 5 Holistic assessment and palliative care planning
-
6 Psychosocial care and support
- Contents
- Objectives
- Assessing a child’s psychosocial needs
- The right to continuing education
- The role of the community in children’s palliative care
- The role of the family in children’s palliative care
- The need to support the siblings
- Principles of relating with the child and the family
- Case studies
- 7 Cultural understanding and spiritual care
- 8 Pain management
- 9 Management of respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms
- 10 Management of neurological, nutritional and skin symptoms
- 11 End-of-life care
- 12 Loss, grief and bereavement
- Appendix A: The International Children’s Palliative Care Network (ICPCN) charter of rights for life-limited and life-threatened children
- Appendix B: Communication role plays
- Appendix B1: Communication assessment tool
- Appendix B2: Self-reflection tool
- Appendix C: Debriefing model
- Appendix D: Palliative care plan
- Appendix E: PatchSA Advance care plan
- Appendix F: Using the QUESTT approach to assess the child
- Appendix G: Age appropriate pain rating scales
- Appendix H: Drug formulary
- Appendix I: Instructions for inserting and caring for a butterfly needle for a subcutaneous infusion
- Appendix J: PatchSA terminal care plan and end-of-life care plan checklist
-
Perinatal HIV
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- 1. Introduction to perinatal HIV
- 2. HIV in pregnancy
- 3. HIV during labour and delivery
-
4. HIV in the newborn infant
- Objectives
- Introduction to HIV-exposed newborn infants
- Diagnosing HIV infection in infants
- Preventing HIV infection in newborn infants
- HIV transmission in breast milk
- Breastfeeding HIV-exposed infants
- Formula feeding HIV-exposed infants
- Care of HIV-exposed infants
- HIV infection in infants
- Case studies
- 5. HIV and counselling
-
Primary Maternal Care
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
-
1. Antenatal care
- Objectives
- Goals of good antenatal care
- Diagnosing pregnancy
- The first antenatal visit
- Determining the duration of pregnancy
- Side-room and special screening investigations
- The second antenatal visit
- Assessing the results of the special screening investigations
- Grading the risk
- Subsequent visits
- The visit at 28 weeks
- The visit at 34 weeks
- The visit at 41 weeks
- Managing women with HIV infection
- Case studies
- 1a. Skills: General examination at the first antenatal visit
- 1b. Skills: Examination of the abdomen in pregnancy
- 1c. Skills: Vaginal examination in pregnancy
- 1d. Skills: Screening tests for syphilis
- 1e. Skills: Screening tests for HIV
- 1f. Skills: Examination of the breasts
- 2. Assessment of fetal growth and condition during pregnancy
- 2a. Skills: Routine use of the antenatal card
-
3. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
- Objectives
- The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
- The classification of hypertension during pregnancy
- Pre-eclampsia
- Patients at increased risk of pre-eclampsia
- The management of pre-eclampsia
- The emergency management of severe pre-eclampsia and imminent eclampsia
- The management of eclampsia
- The further management of severe pre-eclampsia and imminent eclampsia at the referral hospital
- Gestational hypertension
- Chronic hypertension
- Postpartum hypertension
- Case studies
- 3a. Skills: Measuring blood pressure and proteinuria
-
4. Antepartum haemorrhage
- Objectives
- Antepartum haemorrhage
- The initial emergency management of antepartum haemorrhage
- Diagnosing the cause of the bleeding
- Antepartum bleeding caused by abruptio placentae
- Antepartum bleeding caused by placenta praevia
- Antepartum haemorrhage of unknown cause
- Referral of a patient with an antepartum haemorrhage
- A blood-stained vaginal discharge
- Case studies
- 5. Preterm labour and preterm rupture of the membranes
-
6. The puerperium and family planning
- Objectives
- The puerperium
- Management of the puerperium
- The 6 week postnatal visit
- Puerperal pyrexia
- Genital tract infection
- Urinary tract infection
- Thrombophlebitis
- Respiratory tract infection
- Puerperal psychiatric disorders
- Secondary postpartum haemorrhage
- Self-monitoring
- HIV positive mothers
- Family planning in the puerperium
- Case studies
- 7. Medical problems during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium
- Appendix
- Primary Newborn Care
-
Public Health
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Part 1: What are the problems?
- Part 2: What are the causes?
- Part 3: What are the solutions?
- Part 4: How well are the solutions working and can we do better?
- Resources
- Saving Mothers and Babies
-
Women's Health Care
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- 1. Reproductive health
-
2. Family planning and infertility
- Objectives
- Introduction to family planning
- Normal conception
- Contraception
- Combined oral contraceptives
- Progestogen-only contraceptives
- Injectable contraception
- Other contraceptive methods
- Health benefits of contraception
- Contraceptive choice in specific circumstances
- Emergency contraception
- Causes of infertility
- Management of women with infertility
- Case studies
- 3. Common genital and urinary infections
- 3a. Skills: How to conduct a gynaecological history and examination
- 4. Vaginal bleeding
- 5. Pain and discomfort in women
- 6. Abuse of women
